Adverbs. Degrees of comparison. Наречия. Степени сравнения

 Роль наречия в предложении

На­ре­чия могут от­но­сить­ся к гла­го­лам, при­ла­га­тель­ным и дру­гим на­ре­чи­ям, на­де­ляя их до­пол­ни­тель­ным зна­че­ни­ем. На­ре­чия могут от­ве­чать на во­про­сы как?, когда?, где? и до какой сте­пе­ни?.

Когда: soon, early, late, tomorrow, yesterday, now, etc.

Как: well, badly, quickly, fast, high(ly), carefully, etc.

Где: everywhere, here, there, inside, up, near, etc.

До какой сте­пе­ни (на сколь­ко): extremely, very, really, rather, quite, almost, etc.

При­мер:        

Ella sings beautifully. (how?)

Spring will come soon. (when?)

You can leave your things here. (where?)

She is quite a pretty girl. (to what extent?)

 Практическое задание

Прак­ти­че­ское за­да­ние. Най­ди­те в тек­сте на­ре­чия:

Some great discoveries are made accidentally. In Egypt in 1799 a French army officer was walking slowly. He looked down, saw a highly unusual stone, and examined it quite carefully. The flat, rather large stone was partially buried in the mud. It was quickly pulled from the mud and thoroughly cleaned.

Inscriptions in three languages had been painstakingly carved on the stone. The first inscription was in ancient Egyptian. The second inscription was in somewhat later Egyptian language. The third one was in a more familiar language, Greek. The message was identically stated in the three languages.

Ancient Egyptian writings had previously puzzled scholars. The easily readable Greek finally gave them the needed key. Eventually, the ancient Egyptian writing was translated. Now scholars can read the language fairly easily. Today, the historically important Rosetta Stone is permanently displayed in London’s British Museum.

Про­верь­те себя:

Some great discoveries are made accidentally. In Egypt in 1799 a French army officer was walking slowly. He looked down, saw a highly unusual stone, and examined it quitecarefully. The flat, rather large stone was partially buried in the mud. It was quickly pulled from the mud and thoroughly cleaned.

Inscriptions in three languages had been painstakingly carved on the stone. The first inscription was in ancient Egyptian. The second inscription was in somewhat later Egyptian language. The third one was in a more familiar language, Greek. The message was identically stated in the three languages.

Ancient Egyptian writings had previously puzzled scholars. The easily readable Greek finally gave them the needed key. Eventually, the ancient Egyptian writing was translated. Now scholars can read the language fairlyeasily. Today, the historically important Rosetta Stone is permanently displayed in London’s British Museum.

 Практическое задание

Од­на­ко, не все слова, за­кан­чи­ва­ю­щи­е­ся на -ly, яв­ля­ют­ся на­ре­чи­я­ми. Боль­шин­ство таких слов яв­ля­ет­ся при­ла­га­тель­ны­ми.

При­мер:

cowardly, friendly, silly, ugly, lonely

Если же нам все-та­ки нужно на­ре­чие, то мы ис­поль­зу­ем на­реч­ный обо­рот.

При­мер:

They greeted us in a friendly way.

He behaved in a silly manner.

Неко­то­рые слова, за­кан­чи­ва­ю­щи­е­ся на -ly, могут быть как при­ла­га­тель­ны­ми, так и на­ре­чи­я­ми.

При­мер:

hourly, daily, nightly, weekly, monthly

This is a daily magazine. (adjective)

The magazine is delivered daily. (adverb)

 Наречные обороты с прилагательным на –ly

На­ре­чия в ан­глий­ском языке об­ра­зу­ют­ся путем до­бав­ле­ния суф­фик­са -ly к при­ла­га­тель­ным.

При­мер:        

clean – cleanly

careful – carefully

Об­ра­ти­те вни­ма­ние на неко­то­рые осо­бен­но­сти:

если при­ла­га­тель­ное за­кан­чи­ва­ет­ся на -y, то при об­ра­зо­ва­нии на­ре­чия -y ме­ня­ет­ся на i и толь­ко потом до­бав­ля­ет­ся -ly;

При­мер:

happy – happily

clumsy – clumsily

noisy – noisily

НО:

dry – dryly

sly – slyly

wry – wryly

если при­ла­га­тель­ное за­кан­чи­ва­ет­ся на -le, то при об­ра­зо­ва­нии на­ре­чия мы от­бра­сы­ва­ем ко­неч­ную -е и до­бав­ля­ем -y;

При­мер:

simple – simply

miserable – miserably

subtle – subtly

если при­ла­га­тель­ное за­кан­чи­ва­ет­ся на -е, то при об­ра­зо­ва­нии на­ре­чия мы до­бав­ля­ем -ly;

При­мер:

complete – completely

НО:

true – truly

whole – wholly

если при­ла­га­тель­ное за­кан­чи­ва­ет­ся на -ic, то при об­ра­зо­ва­нии на­ре­чия мы до­бав­ля­ем -ally;

При­мер:

automatic – automatically

dramatic – dramatically

emphatic – emphatically

если при­ла­га­тель­ное за­кан­чи­ва­ет­ся на -ful, то при об­ра­зо­ва­нии на­ре­чия мы до­бав­ля­ем -ly.

При­мер:

beautiful – beautifully

merciful – mercifully

careful – carefully

Да­вай­те по­тре­ни­ру­ем­ся пе­ре­фра­зи­ро­вать пред­ло­же­ния, ис­поль­зуя на­ре­чия вме­сто при­ла­га­тель­ных:

1.      He gave a brief answer.

2.      The angry neighbour shouted.

3.      There was a heavy rain yesterday.

4.      Jack is a fatal dancer.

5.      We expressed our whole agreement.

6.      He gave us a dry look.

7.      She was careful with the baby.

8.      The drop of the temperature was dramatic.

9.      Her touch is subtle.

Про­верь­те себя:

1.      He answered briefly.

2.      The neighbour shouted angrily.

3.      It rained heavily yesterday.

4.      Jack dances fatally.

5.      We agreed wholly.

6.      He looked at us dryly.

7.      She acted carefully with the baby.

8.      The temperature dropped dramatically.

9.      She touched subtly.

 Наречия частотности

Су­ще­ству­ет боль­шая груп­па на­ре­чий ча­стот­но­сти. Неко­то­рые из них имеют суф­фикс -ly, но да­ле­ко не все. Рас­по­ло­жим их в по­ряд­ке от наи­бо­лее ча­сто­го к на­и­ме­нее ча­сто­му:

Always

Almost always

Usually/generally/regularly

Often/frequently

Sometimes

Occasionally

Hardly ever/almost never/rarely/seldom

Never

 Место наречий частотности в предложении

после гла­го­ла to be, если это един­ствен­ный гла­гол в пред­ло­же­нии;

При­мер:

He was always afraid of darkness.

We are sometimes bored at weekends.

после вспо­мо­га­тель­но­го гла­го­ла, если ска­зу­е­мое со­сто­ит более чем из од­но­го гла­го­ла;

При­мер:

I have never been to Paris.

She has always tried to be polite.

перед смыс­ло­вым гла­го­лом, если это един­ствен­ный гла­гол в пред­ло­же­нии;

При­мер:

I often help my mother with housework.

I seldom go to the cinema.

после под­ле­жа­ще­го в во­про­си­тель­ных пред­ло­же­ни­ях;

При­мер:

Do you usually get up at 6 o’clock?

в от­ри­ца­тель­ных пред­ло­же­ни­ях ча­сти­ца not ста­вит­ся перед на­ре­чи­я­ми ча­стот­но­сти.

При­мер:

We do notoften see him.

На­ре­чия вре­ме­ни:

Soon, today, yesterday, now, etc.

На­ре­чия места:

Inside, outside, up, down, etc.          

 Степени сравнения наречий

Да­вай­те вспом­ним с вами сте­пе­ни срав­не­ния на­ре­чий. Пра­ви­ла об­ра­зо­ва­ния сте­пе­ней срав­не­ния на­ре­чий очень по­хо­жи на пра­ви­ла об­ра­зо­ва­ния сте­пе­ней срав­не­ния при­ла­га­тель­ных. Боль­шин­ство на­ре­чий ан­глий­ско­го языка со­сто­ят из двух и более сло­гов, таким об­ра­зом, они об­ра­зу­ют свои сте­пе­ни срав­не­ния путем до­бав­ле­ния слов more и most. Об­ра­ти­те вни­ма­ние на на­ре­чие early. Оно яв­ля­ет­ся ис­клю­че­ни­ем.

При­мер:

Beautifully – more beautifully – most beautifully

Quickly – more quickly – most quickly

Early – earlier – earliest

I can read more quickly.

Will you speak more loudly?

На­ре­чия, ко­то­рые имеют такие же формы, как и со­от­вет­ству­ю­щие им при­ла­га­тель­ные, об­ра­зу­ют сте­пе­ни срав­не­ния при по­мо­щи суф­фик­сов -er и -est.

При­мер:

Fast – faster – fastest

Hard – harder – hardest

It takes longer to get home on foot.

We should work harder if we want to complete the task.

 Практические задания

В раз­го­вор­ной речи для дву­слож­ных на­ре­чий часто ис­поль­зу­ют­ся оба спо­со­ба об­ра­зо­ва­ния сте­пе­ней срав­не­ния.

При­мер:

Clearly – clearer/more clearly – clearest/most clearest

Easy – easier/more easy – easiest/the most easy

В ан­глий­ском языке су­ще­ству­ют на­ре­чия, ко­то­рые имеют от­кло­ня­ю­щи­е­ся формы сте­пе­ней срав­не­ния:

Well – better – best

Badly – worse – worst

Many/much/a lot – more – most

Little – less –least

Far – farther/further – farthest/furthest

По­тре­ни­ру­ем­ся пра­виль­но ис­поль­зо­вать сте­пе­ни срав­не­ния на­ре­чий:

The girls now meet (frequently) than a year before. Ann has written her test (well) than Kate. Nick lives (far) from school than I do. Elena is the best singer. She sings (beautifully). They will invite her to the interview (soon) than the other firms. It was a very difficult project. We worked (long) than ever.

Про­верь­те себя:

The girls now meet more frequently than a year before. Ann has written her test better than Kate. Nick lives farther / further from school than I do. Elena is the best singer. She sings most beautifully. They will invite her to the interview sooner than the other firms.

6. It was a very difficult project. We worked longest than ever.

Вопросы к конспектам