Аффиксация. Суффиксы наречий

 Наречия и суффиксы

Adverbs describe adjectives, verbs and other adverbs.

Suffixes are groups of letters attached to the ends of roots. Suffixes serve a grammatical function. They can indicate part of speech to which the word belongs: a noun, a verb, an adjective or an adverb. Suffixes can also modify and extend meaning. 

 Ошибки при использовании наречий

You should be very careful while speaking. For example, it will be wrong to say, “I ran to the store quick.” This is not the proper form of the word “quick”. In this sentence, “quick” is modifying the verb “ran”. The word “quick” is an adjective, and “ran” needs to be modified by an adverb. Therefore, the appropriate form of the word to use is “quickly”.

 Отличия прилагательных от наречий

Adjectives modify the quality of a noun while adverbs modify how a person performs an activity or an action.

Identify an adverb or an adjective.

1. He is an excellent tennis player. (adjective)

2. He plays tennis excellently. (adverb)

3. He is a graceful athlete. (adjective)

4. He moves gracefully. (adverb)

5. He is a smart player. (adjective)

6. He dresses smartly. (adverb)

As you see, many adverbs are in “ly” and it’s a quick way to turn an adjective into an adverb. For example, “sad” becomes “sadly”, “perfect” becomes “perfectly”.

 Changing Adjective Word Forms to Adverb Word Forms (suffixes)

 

adj. form + ly	-y to -ily	-le to -ly	-ic to -ically
For most words, add -ly to the end of an adjective form to create an adverb word form.	For words with more than one syllable ending in -y, replace the -y with -ily.	For words with more than one syllable ending with -le, replace the -le with -ly.	For words ending in -ic, replace the -ic with -ically.
	angry – angrily busy – busily		academic – academically
exceptions	one syllable	exception	exception
true – truly full – fully whole – wholly	dry – dryly (one syllable no change)	hole – holey	public – publicly

 Наречия, оканчивающиеся на -wise/-ways

- Adverbs of manner ending in -wise/-ways

Examples:

He turned the dial clockwise. (= in the circular direction that the hands of a clock turn)

She folds the towels lengthwise. (with the fold as the length of the item)

They placed the box on the shelf sideways. (with the side facing you)

Other examples: likewise, otherwise, straight away, anyway, always

- Adverbs of opinion ending in –wise

Examples:

Weather-wise, it will be a great day for surfing. (with regard to the weather)

The weather is cold and it is windy. Otherwise, it is a great day for surfing. (in other ways)

Pricewise, it is a good deal. (with regard to the price)

 Наречия, оканчивающиеся на -fold/-long/-ward

Adverbs ending in suffixes -fold, -ward, -long

Examples:

fourfold (being four times as great);

homeward, backward, upwards (in a direction turning to);

sidelong (towards).

 Особые случаи употребления наречий

Common mistakes	Solutions
·         He was breathing hardly.	·         He was hardly breathing. (adv. of degree – barely, not much) ·         He was breathing hard. (adv. of manner – requiring a lot of strength or effort)
·         She arrived lately.	·         She arrived late. (She was not on time) ·         She hasn’t been here lately. (recently)
·         The car goes extremely fastly.	·         The car goes extremely fast. (adv. of degree – extremely, very; adv. of manner – fast)
·         He feels badly about the matter.	·         He feels bad. He is “not well”. (use an adjective with a state-of-being verb) ·         He is regretful about the matter.
·         He becomes happily when he sees her.	·         He becomes happy when he sees her. ·         He will happily come to see you.

 Упражнение 1

Read the text and choose the best word to complete the sentences.

Golfer hits gopher

James, a golfer, was playing a round golf the other day when he (1) accidental/accidently hit his ball into a hole off the golfing greens. James made an (2) accidental/accidently shot. Unexpectedly, an (3) angry/angrily gopher appeared. The gopher (4) angry/angrily pushed the ball out of its hole. The gopher complained (5) loud/loudly. The gopher made a (6) loud/loudly complaint. The ball hit him (7) hard/hardly on the head. James could (8) hard/hardly believe that a gopher was making its home on the golf course. Normally, James has (9) good/well eyesight. However, he didn’t see (10) good/well this time because his ball didn’t land anywhere near the golf green. The gopher probably had a (11) painful/painfully headache. The gopher lay still for a moment and then blinked its eyes (12) painful/painfully. The (13) guilty/guiltily golfer, James, reached for his ball. “Sorry, little guy!” James said (14) guilty/guiltily. The gopher disappeared (15) quick/quickly into its hole – with the ball! So James (16) quick/quickly left the golfing green without his ball. After this exercise, James (17) wise/wisely wore his glasses whenever he played golf. The (18) wise/wisely gopher found a new hole to live in.

От­ве­ты: 1) accidently 2) accidental 3) angry 4) angrily 5) loudly 6) loud 7) hard 8) hardly 9) good 10) well 11) painful 12) painfully 13) guilty 14) guiltily 15) quickly 16) quickly 17) wisely 18) wise

 Glossary. Golfer Hits Gopher

a round of golf – a quantifier for 18 holes of golf

to make a shot (v.) – hit the golf ball (to a precise location)

to complain (v.) – protest, express dissatisfaction

a complaint (n.) – saying that someone is unhappy or unsatisfied

an eyesight (n.) – ability to see well

a golfer (n.) – a person who plays golf

guilty (adj.) – feeling ashamed or sad because you know that you have done something wrong

off the greens – outside of the official grass area of a golf course

wise (adj.) – clever, smart

 Упражнение 2

Read and reword.

“Fourno” lamb

Each year, we roast a spring lamb (1) in the traditional way. That is to say, the lamb is prepared (2) in a careful way as it has been for hundreds of years. After we select a side of lamb, we take it home, and prepare the “fourno”, a stone oven. First, my father builds a fire (3) in a skillful way with dried wood from old fruit trees. It takes a while for the wood and the oven to get hot. (4) In a happy way he sits outside, “feeds” the oven, and talks to my uncle. He checks the burning wood frequently to see if it is turning a light gray colour. Meanwhile, we prepare the lamb. First, we wash it with water and lemon and pat it dry (5) in a thorough manner. Then, we slice garlic (6) in a fine way and insert in a gentle way under the skin of a lamb. We sprinkle the lamb (7) in a light manner with salt, pepper and oregano and place it in a large pan. If needed, we tie the lamb (8) in a secure way so that it won’t fall apart. Then, we place the pan in the oven (9) with the side facing out. As the lamb cooks, he adds twigs of rosemary thyme, sage and oregano into the flames (10) in a quick manner. The wonderful smell of the roasting lamb and the smoky herbs causes us to wait (11) in an impatient manner. In the last half hour of cooking, we arrange cut potatoes (12) in a neat manneraround the lamb in the pan. When the lamb is ready, we take our places at the table and await our first bite (13) in an eager manner. We sit together as a family and eat (14) in a joyful manner.

От­ве­ты: 1) traditionally 2) carefully 3) skillfully 4) happily 5) thoroughly 6) finely 7) lightly 8) securely 9) sideways 10) quickly 11) impatiently 12) neatly 13) eagerly 14) joyfully

 Glossary. “Fourno” Lamb

fourno (n.) – a Mediterranean outdoor brick or stone oven

herbs (n.) – plants that give flavor to food in cooking such as oregano, rosemary and thyme

roast (v.) – cook slowly aside a fire

secure (adj.) – tight or firm, not moving

skillful (adj.) – having knowledge, practice and experience; expert

smoky (adj.) – having the character or appearance of smoke, the dark gray gas given off by something, such as wood, burning

sprinkle (v.) – pour something in drops or small particles

thorough (adj.) – complete, careful in detail

twig (n.) – a small, dry, woody piece fallen from a branch

Вопросы к конспектам