Reported speech and reported statements

 1. Понятие о прямой и косвенной речи

Пря­мая речь – это точ­ные слова, ко­то­рые были кем-то про­из­не­се­ны. Мы берем пря­мую речь в ка­выч­ки.

При­мер:

‘I’ll go to London’, she said.

Кос­вен­ная речь пе­ре­да­ет точ­ное зна­че­ние ска­зан­но­го, но не точно та­ки­ми же сло­ва­ми.

При­мер:

She said she would go to London.

 2. Вводные глаголы в прямой и косвенной речи

Для ука­за­ния го­во­ря­ще­го можно ис­поль­зо­вать гла­го­лы say и tell как в пря­мой, так и в кос­вен­ной речи. Важно за­ме­тить, что после гла­го­ла tell обя­за­тель­но идет пря­мое до­пол­не­ние (e.g. told me). После гла­го­ла say можно не ста­вить пря­мое до­пол­не­ние, но если мы его все-та­ки ста­вим, то после say в таком слу­чае будет сто­ять ча­сти­ца to (e.g. said to me).

При­мер:

She said, ‘I can’t drive’. → She said (that) she couldn’t drive.

She said to me, ‘I can’t drive’. → She said to me (that) she couldn’t drive.

She told me, ‘I can’t drive’. → She told me (that) she couldn’t drive.

Сле­ду­ю­щие вы­ра­же­ния ис­поль­зу­ют­ся с гла­го­лом say:

1. say good morning / evening, etc.

2. say something / nothing

3. say a few words

4. say so, etc.

Сле­ду­ю­щие вы­ра­же­ния ис­поль­зу­ют­ся с гла­го­лом tell:

1. tell the truth

2. tell a lie

3. tell somebody one’s name

4. tell a story

5. tell a secret

6. tell somebody the way

7. tell one from another, etc.

 

3. Правила построения косвенной речи

Чтобы по­стро­ить пред­ло­же­ние в кос­вен­ной речи, нам нужен ввод­ный гла­гол (say, tell, explain, etc.), за ко­то­рым по­сле­ду­ет обо­рот с that, хотя в раз­го­вор­ной речи само слово that часто опус­ка­ет­ся.

При­мер:

He said, ‘I feel sick’. → He said (that) he felt sick.

При­тя­жа­тель­ные ме­сто­име­ния из­ме­ня­ют­ся со­глас­но кон­тек­сту.

При­мер:

He said, ‘I’ll lend youmy laptop’. → He said (that) he would lend mehis laptop.

Рас­смот­ри­те таб­ли­цу из­ме­не­ний для об­сто­я­тельств вре­ме­ни и неко­то­рых слов:

Direct speech

Reported speech

tonight, today, this week / month / year

that night, that day, that week / month / year

now

then, at that time, at once, immediately

now that

since

yesterday, last night / week / month / year

the day before, the previous night / week / month / year

tomorrow, next week / month / year

the following day / the day after, the following / next week / month / year

ago

before

this / these

that / those

here

there

come

go

Таб­ли­ца 1. Об­сто­я­тель­ства вре­ме­ни в кос­вен­ной речи

Когда ввод­ный гла­гол стоит в про­шед­шем вре­ме­ни, вре­ме­на ос­нов­но­го пред­ло­же­ния ме­ня­ют­ся со­глас­но пра­ви­лу.

Рас­смот­ри­те таб­ли­цу из­ме­не­ния вре­мен:

Direct speech

Reported speech

Present Simple

Past Simple

Present Continuous

Past Continuous

Present Perfect

Past Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous

Past Perfect Continuous

Past Simple

Past Perfect

Past Continuous

Past Continuous or Past Perfect Continuous

Future (will)

Future-in-the Past (would)

Past Perfect

remains the same

Таб­ли­ца 2. Вре­ме­на в кос­вен­ной речи

Мы не про­из­во­дим ни­ка­ких из­ме­не­ний над вре­ме­на­ми, когда:

1. ос­нов­ное пред­ло­же­ние вы­ра­жа­ет все­гда прав­ди­вую ис­ти­ну, закон при­ро­ды;

2. ос­нов­ное пред­ло­же­ние от­но­сит­ся ко 2 или 3 типу услов­ных пред­ло­же­ний;

3. ос­нов­ное пред­ло­же­ние вы­ра­жа­ет со­жа­ле­ние или по­же­ла­ние (wish).

При­мер:

‘The Earth is a planet’, he said. → He said (that) the Earth is a planet.

‘If you studied more, you’d pass your test’, he said. → He said (that) if you studied more, you’d pass your test.

‘I wish I were famous’, he said. → He said (that) I wish I were famous.

Если ввод­ный гла­гол стоит в одном из вре­мен груп­пы Present или Future, в ос­нов­ном пред­ло­же­нии не про­ис­хо­дит ни­ка­ких из­ме­не­ний во вре­ме­нах.

При­мер:

‘Nina can read’, she says. → She says that Nina can read.

Когда мы го­во­рим о неком факте, ко­то­рый все еще ак­туа­лен или прав­див на на­сто­я­щий мо­мент, мы можем ме­нять, а можем и не ме­нять грам­ма­ти­че­ские вре­ме­на ос­нов­но­го пред­ло­же­ния при пе­ре­во­де его в кос­вен­ную речь.

Грам­ма­ти­че­ские вре­ме­на ме­ня­ют­ся, когда мы го­во­рим о чем-то, что уже не ак­ту­аль­но или невер­но на мо­мент речи.

При­мер:

‘I’m travelling to England next week’, he said.→He said (that) he is travelling / was travelling to England next week.

(up-to-date reporting – immediately reported after being said)

‘I’m travelling to England in January’, he said. (Now it’s February) →He said he was travelling to England in January. (The trip is over since it’s February. Out-of-date reporting)

‘The Earth is flat’, he said. → He said the Earth was flat. (It’s not true.)

Прак­ти­че­ские за­да­ния

Rephrase the following sentences as in the example:

1. We spoke quietly because we didn’t want to wake the baby.

e.g. We spoke quietly so as not to wake the baby.

2. Although he was ill, he still went to work.

3. What a lovely house!

4. How happy you look!

5. This is the university I went to.

6. You run so fast!

7. She has such lovely eyes!

8. What a beautiful dress!

9. Despite being tired, she still watched the late film!

10. I didn’t tell you because I thought you’d be upset.

Вопросы к конспектам

Change the following into indirect speech:

1. "I have something to tell you," I said to her.

2. "I met her for the first time on a warm sunny morning last spring," he said.

3. "I am going to call again tomorrow, mother," she said.

4. "I've been to Turkey twice, but so far I haven't had time to visit Istanbul," said Robert.

5. "It will be very difficult to persuade her to take care of herself, doctor," I replied.

6. "The president is to come to Madrid the day after tomorrow," said the BBC announcer.

7. "We have a lift but very often it doesn't work," they said.

8. "We have bought a new flat. But we don't like it so much as our last one," said my cousin.

9. "I have left a message for him, but he hasn't phoned yet," she said.

10. "I've no idea who has done it but I'll find out," said Peggy.

11. He said, "My mother has just been operated on."

12. 'I'll come with you as soon as Fin is ready," she replied to me.

13. I have a French lesson this evening and I haven't done my homework yet," said the little boy.

14. "She has been sitting in the garden since the police came," I said to the officer.

15. "You haven’t closed the window and has forgotten to turn off the light," he pointed out.

Последнее изменение: Понедельник, 9 Октябрь 2017, 17:21