Reported speech and reported statements
1. Понятие о прямой и косвенной речи
Прямая речь – это точные слова, которые были кем-то произнесены. Мы берем прямую речь в кавычки.
Пример:
‘I’ll go to London’, she said.
Косвенная речь передает точное значение сказанного, но не точно такими же словами.
Пример:
She said she would go to London.
2. Вводные глаголы в прямой и косвенной речи
Для указания говорящего можно использовать глаголы say и tell как в прямой, так и в косвенной речи. Важно заметить, что после глагола tell обязательно идет прямое дополнение (e.g. told me). После глагола say можно не ставить прямое дополнение, но если мы его все-таки ставим, то после say в таком случае будет стоять частица to (e.g. said to me).
Пример:
She said, ‘I can’t drive’. → She said (that) she couldn’t drive.
She said to me, ‘I can’t drive’. → She said to me (that) she couldn’t drive.
She told me, ‘I can’t drive’. → She told me (that) she couldn’t drive.
Следующие выражения используются с глаголом say:
1. say good morning / evening, etc.
2. say something / nothing
3. say a few words
4. say so, etc.
Следующие выражения используются с глаголом tell:
1. tell the truth
2. tell a lie
3. tell somebody one’s name
4. tell a story
5. tell a secret
6. tell somebody the way
7. tell one from another, etc.
3. Правила построения косвенной речи
Чтобы построить предложение в косвенной речи, нам нужен вводный глагол (say, tell, explain, etc.), за которым последует оборот с that, хотя в разговорной речи само слово that часто опускается.
Пример:
He said, ‘I feel sick’. → He said (that) he felt sick.
Притяжательные местоимения изменяются согласно контексту.
Пример:
He said, ‘I’ll lend youmy laptop’. → He said (that) he would lend mehis laptop.
Рассмотрите таблицу изменений для обстоятельств времени и некоторых слов:
Direct speech |
Reported speech |
tonight, today, this week / month / year |
that night, that day, that week / month / year |
now |
then, at that time, at once, immediately |
now that |
since |
yesterday, last night / week / month / year |
the day before, the previous night / week / month / year |
tomorrow, next week / month / year |
the following day / the day after, the following / next week / month / year |
ago |
before |
this / these |
that / those |
here |
there |
come |
go |
Таблица 1. Обстоятельства времени в косвенной речи
Когда вводный глагол стоит в прошедшем времени, времена основного предложения меняются согласно правилу.
Рассмотрите таблицу изменения времен:
Direct speech |
Reported speech |
Present Simple |
Past Simple |
Present Continuous |
Past Continuous |
Present Perfect |
Past Perfect |
Present Perfect Continuous |
Past Perfect Continuous |
Past Simple |
Past Perfect |
Past Continuous |
Past Continuous or Past Perfect Continuous |
Future (will) |
Future-in-the Past (would) |
Past Perfect |
remains the same |
Таблица 2. Времена в косвенной речи
Мы не производим никаких изменений над временами, когда:
1. основное предложение выражает всегда правдивую истину, закон природы;
2. основное предложение относится ко 2 или 3 типу условных предложений;
3. основное предложение выражает сожаление или пожелание (wish).
Пример:
‘The Earth is a planet’, he said. → He said (that) the Earth is a planet.
‘If you studied more, you’d pass your test’, he said. → He said (that) if you studied more, you’d pass your test.
‘I wish I were famous’, he said. → He said (that) I wish I were famous.
Если вводный глагол стоит в одном из времен группы Present или Future, в основном предложении не происходит никаких изменений во временах.
Пример:
‘Nina can read’, she says. → She says that Nina can read.
Когда мы говорим о неком факте, который все еще актуален или правдив на настоящий момент, мы можем менять, а можем и не менять грамматические времена основного предложения при переводе его в косвенную речь.
Грамматические времена меняются, когда мы говорим о чем-то, что уже не актуально или неверно на момент речи.
Пример:
‘I’m travelling to England next week’, he said.→He said (that) he is travelling / was travelling to England next week.
(up-to-date reporting – immediately reported after being said)
‘I’m travelling to England in January’, he said. (Now it’s February) →He said he was travelling to England in January. (The trip is over since it’s February. Out-of-date reporting)
‘The Earth is flat’, he said. → He said the Earth was flat. (It’s not true.)
Практические задания
Rephrase the following sentences as in the example:
1. We spoke quietly because we didn’t want to wake the baby.
e.g. We spoke quietly so as not to wake the baby.
2. Although he was ill, he still went to work.
3. What a lovely house!
4. How happy you look!
5. This is the university I went to.
6. You run so fast!
7. She has such lovely eyes!
8. What a beautiful dress!
9. Despite being tired, she still watched the late film!
10. I didn’t tell you because I thought you’d be upset.
Вопросы к конспектам
Change the following into indirect speech:
1. "I have something to tell you," I said to her.
2. "I met her for the first time on a warm sunny morning last spring," he said.
3. "I am going to call again tomorrow, mother," she said.
4. "I've been to Turkey twice, but so far I haven't had time to visit Istanbul," said Robert.
5. "It will be very difficult to persuade her to take care of herself, doctor," I replied.
6. "The president is to come to Madrid the day after tomorrow," said the BBC announcer.
7. "We have a lift but very often it doesn't work," they said.
8. "We have bought a new flat. But we don't like it so much as our last one," said my cousin.
9. "I have left a message for him, but he hasn't phoned yet," she said.
10. "I've no idea who has done it but I'll find out," said Peggy.
11. He said, "My mother has just been operated on."
12. 'I'll come with you as soon as Fin is ready," she replied to me.
13. I have a French lesson this evening and I haven't done my homework yet," said the little boy.
14. "She has been sitting in the garden since the police came," I said to the officer.
15. "You haven’t closed the window and has forgotten to turn off the light," he pointed out.