Verbs used with infinitive and gerund without difference in meaning
Влияние инфинитива и герундия на смысл высказывания
People enjoy doing (gerund) their favourite activities in their free time and very often they begin to choose/begin choosing (infinitive/gerund) hobbies at an early age. Both boys and girls like playing (gerund → to express general preferences) sports games. They start to attend/start attending (infinitive/gerund) a gym or a stadium. Very many of them continue to do/continue doing (infinitive/gerund) sports when they are older. The boys and girls liked to play (infinitive → to express specific preferences) sports games when they came to the stadium.
Таким образом, можно сделать вывод, что после определенных глаголов (например, like) использование инфинитива или герундия влияет на смысл высказывания. Иногда разница незначительна, однако она есть. После глаголов begin, start, continue можно использовать как инфинитив, так и герундий, при этом смысл высказывания не изменится.
Примеры использования инфинитива и герундия без изменения значения
Она начала танцевать, когда ей было 5 лет. – She started dancing when she was five. = She started to dance when she was five.
Каждый год перед праздником они начинают украшать новогоднюю елку. – They begin decorating (=to decorate) the New Year tree before the holiday every year.
После поступления в университет он продолжал практиковаться в английском. – On entering university he continued practicing (=to practice) his English.
⇒ However, we never have two –ing forms together.
Пример:
She began swimming/to swim.
BUT
It’s beginning to rain. (NOT It’s beginning raining.)
⇒ Используйте инфинитив в страдательном залоге и если после глагола идет дополнение. При отсутствии дополнения возможен только герундий. Это касается глаголов recommend (рекомендовать), advise (советовать), allow (разрешать), permit (позволять), encourage (воодушевлять).
Пример:
Teachers recommend reading many books to improve language skills. (нет дополнения)
Students are recommended to read books. (страдательный залог)
Teachers recommend us to read books. (есть дополнение)
Упражнение
Use infinitive or gerund.
1. The principal doesn’t permit (smoke) in the school.
2. Nancy advised me (take up) jogging.
3. We are not allowed (run) at school.
4. Many parents encourage their children (read) a lot.
5. I recommend (read) this book.
6. I will not permit my daughter (marry) you.
7. Teachers do not encourage (cheat) at the tests.
Ответы:
1. smoking
2. to take up
3. to run
4. to read
5. reading
6. to marry
7. cheating
Fill in gerunds or infinitives:
A new school
Last month we moved house and I had to go to a new school. The rules in my new school are very strict!
For example, the teachers don’t allow (1) ___________ (talk) in class at all! We are only permitted (2) ___________ (speak) if we are asked a question. Naturally, we aren’t allowed (3) ___________ (use) mobile phones even during the breaks.
On the first day the headmaster advised us all (4) ______________ (work) very hard and he recommended (5) ____________ (study) for at least five hours a day. We are also not allowed (6) ___________ (leave) the school at lunchtime. However, we are encouraged (7) ____________ (join) the school library which is really rich! They also encourage (8) _________ (do) sports here. So I am going to take up tennis.
My classmates are quite friendly and they advised (9) ___________ (obey) the rules. Though they gave me several hints how to avoid being punished in some situations. So I am beginning (10) ______________ (look) on the bright side of life again.
Ответы:
1. Talking
2. To speak
3. To use
4. To work
5. Studying
6. To leave
7. To join
8. Doing
9. Obeying
10. To look
Использование инфинитива и герундия после want, need, require
The windows want washing. = The windows want to be washed.
The windows need washing. = The windows need to be washed.
The text requires translating. = The text requires to be translated.
Таким образом, после глаголов want, require и need можно использовать или простой герундий в активе, или инфинитив в пассиве без разницы в значении.
An old car
- My car is old. I’m afraid it needs repairing. Why is this warning light on?
- Oh, you need some more brake fluid. I advise you to have this car serviced in the Red Star garage. The brakes need checking and the battery wants checking too.
- And my tyres need to be checked. And the engine…
- Well, in fact, I would recommend you changing the car. Why don’t you buy a new one?
Вопросы к конспектам
1) Put the verb in the right form: ~ing or infinitive.
1. She doesn't allow ______________ in the house. (Smoke)
2. I'm in a difficult position. What do you advise me ____________? (Do)
3. We were kept at the police station for two hours and then we were allowed _______. (Go)
4. Where would you recommend me __________________ for my holidays? (Go)
5. I wouldn't recommend _____________ in that restaurant. The food is awful. (Eat)
6. Carol's parents always encouraged her ______________ hard at school. (Study)
2) Перепишите следующие предложения, используя герундий. Сделайте необходимые изменения.
1. He recommended us to wait.
2. She advised them to leave.
3. We allowed them to speak.
4. Father didn’t permit his son to use the car.
5. Doctors encourage their patients to eat healthy food.
3) Придумайте свои предложения с глаголами want, need, require. Напишите по два предложения с каждым глаголом (одно предложение с инфинитивом в пассиве, и одно – с простым герундием в активе). В итоге у вас должно получиться 6 предложений.