Страдательный залог. Passive Voice. Формы страдательного залога
1. Образование страдательного залога
Страдательный залог формируется с помощью глагола to be в нужной форме + past participle.
Рассмотрите все временные формы образования страдательного залога в сравнении с действительным залогом.
|
Active voice |
Passive voice |
Present Simple |
They repair cars. |
Cars are repaired. |
Present Continuous |
They are repairing cars. |
The car is being repaired. |
Past Simple |
They repaired the car. |
The car was repaired. |
Past Continuous |
They were repairing the car. |
The car was being repaired. |
Future Simple |
They will repair the car. |
The car will be repaired. |
Present Perfect |
They have repaired the car. |
The car has been repaired. |
Past Perfect |
They had repaired the car. |
The car had been repaired. |
Future Perfect |
They will have repaired the car. |
The car will have been repaired. |
Таблица 1. Временные формы образования страдательного залога
Рассмотрите безличные формы в страдательном залоге в сравнении с действительным залогом.
|
Active voice |
Passive voice |
Present Infinitive |
They will have to repair the car. |
The car will have to be repaired. |
Perfect Infinitive |
She ought to have repaired the car. |
The car ought to have been repaired. |
-ing form |
He likes people admiring his car. |
He likes his new car being admired. |
Perfect –ing form |
Having repaired the car, … |
The car, having been repaired, … |
Modals |
You must repair this car. |
This car must be repaired. |
Таблица 2. Безличные формы образования страдательного залога
2. Использование страдательного залога
Страдательный залог используется, когда агент действия неизвестен, неважен или очевиден из контекста.
Пример:
My car was stolen yesterday. (unknown agent)
The road repairs were completed last week. (unimportant agent)
The kidnappers have been arrested. (by the police – obvious agent)
Страдательный залог также используется для того, чтобы сделать утверждение более вежливым или официальным.
Пример:
My new suit has been burnt.
(it is more polite than saying ‘You have burnt my new suit.’)
Страдательный залог используется, когда действие важнее того, кто его выполняет. Например, в новостях, объявлениях, газетных заголовках и т. д.
Пример:
Taking pictures is not allowed. (written notice)
The local bank was robbed this morning. (news report)
Bread is baked in an oven for about 45 minutes. (process)
Если же мы хотим подчеркнуть агента действия, то мы используем страдательный залог.
Пример:
The Tower of London was built by William the Conqueror.
3. Перевод из действительного залога в страдательный
Чтобы превратить предложение из действительного в страдательный залог, необходимо подлежащее действительного залога превратить в агента действия страдательного залога, а также изменить форму глагола с действительной на страдательную. Агент действия вводится предлогом by или не указывается вообще.
Пример:
Bell invented the telephone. – The telephone was invented by Bell.
Чтобы указать, с помощью чего (инструмент, материал, ингредиент) производилось действие, используется предлог with.
Пример:
Mr Smith was hit by Billy with a ball.
(the ball is the instrument the agent used)
4. Особенности построения предложений в страдательном залоге
После модальных глаголов мы используем конструкцию be + pastparticiple или have been + past participle.
Пример:
They may close down the theatre. – The theatre may be closed down.
They may have reported the bank robbery. – The bank robbery may have been reported.
Если глагол принимает 2 дополнения, то чаще всего предложение в страдательном залоге начинается с упоминания о человеке.
Пример:
They sent a letter to him. – He was sent a letter. (more usual) – A letter was sent to him. (less usual)
Когда мы хотим выяснить, кто осуществляет действие, вопрос в страдательном залоге будет выглядеть следующим образом:
Пример:
Who was penicillin discovered by?
What was the fire caused by?
Глаголы believe, say, think, hope, feel etc могут использоваться в 2х моделях. Рассмотрите примеры:
People say she is rich. –
It is said that she is rich. (impersonal construction) – She is said to be rich. (personal construction)
Практические задания
1. Fill in the gaps with the following options – is, are, was, were, have been, has been
1. Sally told me her wedding dress _______ designed by Vera Wang.
2. Before the clothes shops closed, eighty people _______ employed there.
3. On the first day of our holiday, we _______ taken on a wonderful tour of the city by our guide.
4. Jeans ______ worn by both men and women nowadays.
5. Coffee ______ grown in Brazil.
6. Documentaries on marine life ______ shown on TV for many years.
7. Hamlet and Macbeth ______ written by William Shakespeare.
8. The injured man ______ taken to hospital half an hour ago.
9. Jenny is excited because she ______ offered a new job.
Check yourself:
1. was, 2. were, 3. were, 4. are, 5. is, 6. have been, 7. were, 8. was, 9. has been
2. Rewrite the sentences in the passive
1. An expert is restoring the antique car.
2. Steven Spielberg has directed a lot of successful films.
3. They saw two men running out of the bank.
4. A number of reporters will meet the professor at the airport.
5. A famous designer is going to redecorate the President’s house.
6. The Romans founded Bath in the first century AD.
7. A loud noise woke Mary up.
8. He made her work overtime.
9. Van Gogh painted Sunflowers.
10. Astronauts are exploring space.
Check yourself:
1. The antique car is being restored by an expert.
2. A lot of successful films have been directed by Steven Spielberg.
3. Two men were seen running out of the bank.
4. The professor will be met by a number of reporters at the airport.
5. The president’s house is going to be redecorated by a famous designer.
6. Bath was founded by the Romans in the first century AD.
7. Mary was woken up by a loud noise.
8. She was made to work overtime.
9. Sunflowers was painted by Van Gogh.
10. Space is being explored by astronauts.
Вопросы к конспектам
Open the brackets and use the verb in the appropriate form of the Passive Voice.
1. The first draft resolution (not discuss) yesterday; it (withdraw) long before the beginning of the meeting.
2. He is not in town; he (send) on a special mission.
3. Don't come into the compartment; the berth (fix) now.
4. A new underground line (construct) now. They say one of its stations (build) in my street.
5. He wants to know when the final decision (take). The activities of the committee and their delays already much (speak) about.
6. It was three o'clock. We (tell) to hurry up because we (wait).
7. Do you believe that such a problem can (solve)?
8. It must (do) without delays.
9. On September 9, 1850, California (admit) to the Union as the thirty-first state.
10. Don't speak in a loud voice: we (listen).
11. The plan (approve)? — No, it (discuss) now. — How long it (discuss)?
12. By the time he arrives everything (settle).
13. Not all the necessary things (buy) for our trip that's why the departure (postpone).
14. The money (lend) to him two months ago, but it (not give) back yet.
15. The business day was in high gear: the mail (look) through, documents (type), letters (answer), talks (hold).
16. Wait a minute. The table (lay).
17. Dynamite (invent) by Alfred Bernhard Nobel.
18. This exercise may (write) with a pencil.
19. This work (do) before you went to Moscow?
20. If you (ask) about it, will you be able to answer?
*Translate into English using the Passive Voice.
1. К сожалению, на конференции такие вопросы не затрагивались.
2. Кто вам сказал, что соглашение подписано?
3. Здесь говорят только на английском.
4. Ей разрешили заниматься спортом.
5. Посетителей принимают каждый день.
6. Бетти не разрешают приходить сюда.
7. В больнице за ним ухаживали хорошо.
8. За ним уже послано? — Да, ему позвонили и велели придти в восемь.
9. На нашей улице строят новый кинотеатр.
10. Не говори это, а то над тобой будут смеяться.
11. Мне еще ничего об этом не говорили.
12. Мы поедем завтра за город, если будет дождь? — Да, мы должны туда поехать, нас там будут ждать.
13. Это здание было только что построено, когда мы приехали сюда.
14. К вечеру работа была закончена.
15. Когда мы вернулись, нам рассказали много интересных новостей.